Survey on Incidences of Tuberculosis in Cachar District, Southern Assam, India
Keywords:
Direct observation therapy, District Tuberculosis Centre, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
Abstract
The terms environment and public health are interdependent. Environmental sanitation is the most important parameter that determines the public health of an area. Tuberculosis, a highly contagious disease, caused by the infection of a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a worldwide pandemic) results in more than two million deaths per year. Tuberculosis is most prevalent in underdeveloped countries due to unsanitary living conditions, crowded living quarters and marginalized group of people. Cachar district located at southern part of Assam of North East India has a population of about 17.5 lakhs. A survey on the incidences and severity of tuberculosis was carried out for a period of 19 months (January, 2013 to July, 2014) in the District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) and Designated Microscopic Centres (DMCs) under RNTCP within the District of Cachar, Assam. The sputum samples of 416 victims were examined to confirm the infection and to ascertain the grades of infection. The results were analyzed according to different age groups, as per grades of infection and on segregation of infection among the males and females. Prevalence and magnitude of infections were found in conformity with the socioeconomic status of the victims, most vulnerable age group is between 30-50 years and the infection in males outnumbered the females. The implementation of DOTS, the Stop TB strategy under The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), has improved treatment success rates of tuberculosis and probably led to a decline in the duration of disease.
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2. Mukhopadhyay, BB. Statistical Methods in the study of Assessment of Risk due to Environmental Pollution. In: Choudhuri, MA. Das, A. & Ghosh, AR. editors:
Environment: Issues and Challenges. Vol. II, Second ed. Director, Academic Staff College, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 2000; 269-270.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA: Reported Tuberculosis in the United States; 2009.
4. Malin, AS. & Mc Adam, KP. Escalating threat from tuberculosis: the third epidemic. Thorax: an International Journal of Respiratory Medicine of British Thoracic Society, 1995; 50:S37-S42 (DOI:10.1136/thx.50.Suppl_1.S37 )
5. Dutta, I. & Bawari, S. Health and healthcare in Assam-A Status Report. Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes, Mumbai-400055; 2007:77-78. ISBN :
81-89042-51-3(URL: www.cehat.org)
6.Chadha, VK. Agarwal, SP. Kumar, P. Chauhan, LS. Kollapan, C. Jagannatha, PS. Vaidyanathan, PS. Gopi, PG. Unnikrishnan, KP. & Savanur, SJ. Annual Risk of Tuberculosis Infection in Four Defined Zones of India:A Comparative Picture; International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2005; 9(5): 569-575. (PDF from open.ac.uk)
7. Chadha, VK. et al. Average annual risk of tuberculosis infection in India. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2005; 9(1): 116-8. (PubMed, DOI:
15675560)
8. World Health Organization. A brief history of Tuberculosis control in India (WHO/HTM/TB/2010.4), 2010; 7-8. (ISBN 978 92 4 150015 9)
9. Bhattacharjee, PR. & Nayak, P. “Socio-Economic Rationale of a Regional Development Council for the Barak Valley of Assam” Journal of NEICSSR, Vol.-27(1), 2003; 13-26.
10. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). Manual for Laboratory Technicians, Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi 110 011, 1999; 01-31. (URL:www.ntiindia.kar.nic.in)
11. Lienhardt, C. From Exposure to Disease: The Role of Environmental Factors in Susceptibility to and development of tuberculosis. Epidemiologic Reviews; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Vol. 23. No. 2, 2001; 288-301. (PMID:12192738)
12. Comstock, GW. Frost revisited: the modern epidemiology of tuberculosis. Am J Epidemiol, 1975; 5:363–82.(PMID: 1093397)
13. O'Donnell, V. & Tait, H. Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2001- initial findings: Well- being of the non-reserve Aboriginal population. 2001 URL:
http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=89-589-X&CHROPG=1 , 2005.
14. Shaw M. Housing and Public Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 2004; 25: 397-418. (DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123036)
15. Hawker, JI. Bakhshi, SS. & Ali, S et al. Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty. BMJ, 1999; 319:1031-34.
(PMCID: PMC28253)
16. McHardy, M. & O'Sullivan, E. First Nations Community Well-Being in Canada: The Community Well-Being Index (CWB), 2001. Strategic Research and Analysis Directorate, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 2004. (QS-7067-000-EE-A1)
17. Cantwell, M. McKenna, MT. & McCray, E. et al. Tuberculosis and race/ethnicity in the United States. Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1998; 157:1016-20. (PMID: 9563713)
18. Kunimoto, D. Sutherland, K. & Wooldrage, K. et al. Transmission characteristics of tuberculosis in the foreign-born and the Canadian-born populations of Alberta, Canada. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004;8:1213-20. (PMID: 15527153)
19. Wanyeki, I. Olson, S. & Brassard, P. et al. Dwellings, crowding, and tuberculosis in Montreal. Soc Sci Med, 2006;63:501-11. (PMID: 16480805)
20. Dales R, Zwanenburg H, Burnett R et al. Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds amongCanadian children. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1991, Volume 134 Issue 2: 196-203.(http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/134/2/196)
21. Beggs, CB. Noakes, CJ. & Sleigh PA. et al. The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: An analytical review of alternative epidemiological models. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2003; 7:1015-26.(PMID: 14598959)
22. Clark, M. Riben, P. & Nowgesic, E. The association of housing density, isolation and tuberculosis in Canadian First Nations communities. International
Journal of Epidemiology, 2002:31:940-43. (PMID:12435764)
23. Dales, R. Miller, D. & White, J. et al. Influence of residential fungal contamination on peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in children. Archives of
Environmental Health, 1998. (DOI:10.1080/00039899809605694)
24. Singh, M. Mynak, ML. & Kumar, L. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for transmission of infection among children in household contact with adults having
pulmonary tuberculosis. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2005; 90:624-28.(DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.044255)
25. Elender, F. Bentham, G. & Langford, I. Tuberculosis mortality in England and Wales during 1982-1992: Its association with poverty, ethnicity and AIDS. Soc Sci
Med, 1998; 46(6):673-81. (PMID: 9522427)
26. Valin, N. Antoun, F. & Chouaid, C. et al. Outbreak of tuberculosis in a migrants' shelter, Paris, France, 2002. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005:9:528-33. (PMID:
15875924)
27. Vynnycky, E. & Fine, PE. The natural history of tuberculosis: the implications of age-dependent risks of disease and the role of reinfection. Epidemiol
Infect., 1997;119: 183-201. (PMCID: PMC2808840)
28. Roelsgaard, E. Iversen, E. & Blocher, C. Tuberculosis in tropical Africa. Bull World Health Organ, 1964; 30:459-518. (PMCID: PMC2554833)
29. Andersen, S. & Geser, A. The distribution of tuberculous infection among households in African communities. Bull World Health Organ, 1960; 22:39-60. (PMCID: PMC2555292)
30. Narain, R. Nair, SS. & Rao, GR. et al. Distribution of tuberculosis infection and disease among households in a rural community. Bull World Health Organ ,
1966; 34:639-54. (PMCID: PMC2475998)
31. Sutherland, I. Svendova, E. & Radhakrishna, S. The development of clinical tuberculosis following infection with tubercle bacilli. Tubercle, 1982 63:255-68. (PMID: 6763793)
32. Hudelson, P. Gender differentials in tuberculosis: the role of socio-economic and cultural factors. Tuber Lung Dis. 1996; 77:391- 400. (PMID: 8959141)
33.Fine, PEM. Immunities in and to tuberculosis: implications for pathogenesis and vaccination. In: Porter JDH, McAdam KPWJ, eds. Tuberculosis, back to the future. London, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 1994; 53-78. (ISBN 10: 0471941212 / ISBN 13: 9780471941217)
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijphr.2014.i3.01
Published: 2014-12-31
How to Cite
Chakraborty, A., Choudhury, P., Bhattacharjee, A., & Dhar, D. (2014). Survey on Incidences of Tuberculosis in Cachar District, Southern Assam, India. Public Health Review: International Journal of Public Health Research, 1(3), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.17511/ijphr.2014.i3.01
Section
Original Article
Copyright (c) 2014 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
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